@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Caslon+Display&display=swap');
:root{--ink:#173449;--muted:#4c6370;--line:#d4dfe3;--glass:rgba(248,252,253,.86);--surface:#fcfdfd;--accent:#153e58;--focus:#98672d}*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-padding-top:110px}body{margin:0;color:var(--ink);background:#edf2f5;font:16px/1.6 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',sans-serif}body:before{content:'';position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:-1;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 5% 10%,#c2d9e6 0,transparent 46%),radial-gradient(ellipse at 95% 85%,#e8d7b9 0,transparent 43%),#edf2f5}button,input,select{font:inherit}button,a,input,select,summary{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}button{cursor:pointer}button,a{touch-action:manipulation}button{color:var(--ink)}a{color:inherit}button:focus-visible,a:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible,input:focus-visible,select:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--focus);outline-offset:4px}button{min-height:44px}.glass{background:var(--glass);border:1px solid #ffffffd9;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #fff,0 8px 32px #1d405014;backdrop-filter:blur(24px) saturate(135%);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(24px) saturate(135%)}.toolbar{position:sticky;top:14px;z-index:10;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;max-width:1440px;margin:14px auto 0;width:calc(100% - 40px);padding:10px 16px;border-radius:28px;min-height:72px}.back{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;text-decoration:none;background:#fff9;padding:10px 18px;border-radius:24px;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;min-height:44px}.back span{font-size:25px;line-height:1}.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;text-decoration:none;font-size:14px;font-weight:600}.brand img{width:48px;height:48px}#appearance{border:1px solid #cbd8df;background:#fff8;border-radius:24px;padding:8px 16px;font-size:13px}#appearance[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--ink);color:white}main{max-width:1280px;margin:auto;padding:0 44px}.intro{padding:60px 0 32px;max-width:760px}.audience-name{font-size:15px;font-weight:600;margin:0;color:#506b7b}h1{font:clamp(42px,5vw,66px)/1.08 'Libre Caslon Display',Georgia,serif;margin:12px 0 18px;letter-spacing:-1px}.intro>p:last-child{max-width:58ch;color:var(--muted);margin:0}.view-tabs{display:inline-flex;gap:5px;border-radius:28px;padding:5px;margin-bottom:36px}.view-tabs button{border:0;background:none;border-radius:23px;padding:10px 23px;font-size:14px;white-space:nowrap}.view-tabs button[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--accent);color:white;box-shadow:0 2px 8px #16344920}.research-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:195px minmax(0,1fr);gap:40px}aside{align-self:start;position:sticky;top:110px}aside h2{font-size:14px;margin:0 0 12px}#topics{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:5px}#topics button{border:0;background:transparent;text-align:left;border-radius:13px;padding:10px 13px;font-size:14px}#topics button[aria-pressed=true]{background:#fff;border:1px solid #cfdae1;font-weight:600}#topics button:hover{background:#ffffffa6}.collection-note{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted);margin-top:24px}.reading{min-width:0}#search-form{display:flex;gap:10px;background:#fff;padding:7px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:20px}input{min-width:0;flex:1;padding:8px 14px;background:transparent;border:0;font-size:15px}#search-form button{border:0;background:var(--accent);color:#fff;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:14px}.filter-panel{margin:16px 0 28px}.filter-panel summary{cursor:pointer;font-size:14px;min-height:44px;padding:8px 0;color:var(--muted)}.filters{display:flex;gap:14px;align-items:end;padding:16px;background:#ffffffa8;border-radius:18px}.filters label{flex:1;min-width:0;font-size:13px;display:grid;gap:7px}select{width:100%;min-height:44px;border:1px solid #bdcdd6;background:var(--surface);color:var(--ink);border-radius:10px;padding:7px;font-size:13px}#reset{background:none;border:0;font-size:13px;text-decoration:underline;padding:8px}.section-heading{display:flex;gap:24px;align-items:start;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:23px}.section-heading h2{font:32px/1.2 'Libre Caslon Display',Georgia,serif;margin:0 0 10px}.section-heading p{font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;max-width:58ch;color:var(--muted);margin:0}#export{font-size:12px;flex:0 0 125px;background:#fff8;border:1px solid #c8d5dd;border-radius:16px;padding:8px 12px}#cards{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:20px}.card{display:flex;flex-direction:column;background:var(--surface);border:1px solid #dce5e8;padding:24px;border-radius:22px}.card-meta{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;font-size:11px;color:var(--muted)}.card-meta>span{max-width:190px}.card-meta button{border:1px solid #d2dfe5;border-radius:22px;background:transparent;padding:5px 14px;font-size:12px;flex-shrink:0}.card-meta button[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--accent);color:#fff}.publisher{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted);margin:22px 0 8px}.card h3{font:29px/1.2 'Libre Caslon Display',Georgia,serif;margin:0 0 14px}.card>p:not(.publisher){font-size:15px;line-height:1.65;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 20px}.reading-angle{background:#edf3f6;border-radius:13px;padding:15px;margin-top:auto;font-size:13px}.reading-angle strong{font-weight:600}.reading-angle p{margin:6px 0 0;line-height:1.65;color:var(--muted)}.card-bottom{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;padding-top:16px;font-size:12px;color:var(--muted)}.card-bottom button{background:none;border:0;padding:0 4px;font-size:14px;color:var(--ink)}footer{padding:55px 0 35px;color:var(--muted);font-size:12px;text-align:center}dialog{color:var(--ink);background:var(--surface);border:1px solid #d8e2e7;border-radius:28px;max-width:620px;width:calc(100% - 32px);max-height:85svh;padding:32px;box-shadow:0 30px 100px #132e4450}dialog::backdrop{background:#12304770;backdrop-filter:blur(6px)}dialog h2{font:38px/1.15 'Libre Caslon Display',Georgia,serif}dialog h3{font-size:16px;margin-top:26px}dialog p{color:var(--muted);font-size:15px}.close{float:right;border:0;background:#edf2f5;border-radius:50%;width:44px;font-size:25px}.source-link{display:inline-block;padding:12px 20px;background:var(--accent);color:white;border-radius:22px;text-decoration:none;margin-top:16px}#toast{position:fixed;bottom:25px;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);z-index:30;background:var(--ink);color:white;border-radius:20px;padding:12px 20px;max-width:90vw;display:none;font-size:14px}#toast.visible{display:block}#empty{padding:40px 20px;border:1px dashed #9fb3bf;border-radius:20px}.sr-only,.skip{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0)}.skip:focus{position:fixed;top:0;left:10px;z-index:40;width:auto;height:auto;clip:auto;background:white;padding:12px}.chooser{min-height:100svh;display:grid;place-items:center}.chooser main{width:min(1000px,90vw);display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:24px;padding:40px 0;margin:auto}.audience-tile{border-radius:38px;min-height:230px;display:grid;place-items:center;text-decoration:none;font:clamp(30px,4vw,52px) 'Libre Caslon Display',Georgia,serif;transition:background .2s,transform .2s;min-width:0}.audience-tile:hover{background:#ffffffed;transform:translateY(-3px)}.solid .glass,.solid .filters,.solid #export{backdrop-filter:none;-webkit-backdrop-filter:none;background:#f8fbfd}.solid:before{background:#edf2f5}@media(prefers-reduced-transparency:reduce){.glass{backdrop-filter:none;-webkit-backdrop-filter:none;background:#f8fbfd}}@media(prefers-contrast:more){:root{--muted:#213f52;--line:#506c7e}.glass{backdrop-filter:none;-webkit-backdrop-filter:none;background:#fff;border-color:#456277}.card{border-color:#456277}}@media(forced-colors:active){.glass,.card,.audience-tile{border:1px solid CanvasText;backdrop-filter:none}button[aria-pressed=true]{outline:2px solid Highlight}}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{scroll-behavior:auto!important;transition:none!important}.audience-tile:hover{transform:none}}@media(max-width:1050px){main{padding:0 28px}.research-layout{grid-template-columns:160px minmax(0,1fr);gap:24px}.card{padding:20px}#cards{grid-template-columns:1fr}.brand{font-size:12px}}@media(max-width:700px){.toolbar{top:8px;width:calc(100% - 20px);margin-top:8px;border-radius:24px;padding:8px;gap:8px}.brand{display:none}.back{font-size:13px;padding:8px 13px}#appearance{font-size:12px;padding:8px 12px}main{padding:0 20px}.intro{padding-top:38px}h1{font-size:43px}.view-tabs{display:flex;max-width:100%;margin-bottom:24px}.view-tabs button{padding:8px 9px;flex:1;font-size:12px}.research-layout{display:block}aside{position:static;margin-bottom:24px}aside h2{display:none}#topics{flex-direction:row;overflow-x:auto;gap:7px;padding:5px 2px 12px;scrollbar-width:thin}#topics button{flex:0 0 auto;border:1px solid #cbd7de;border-radius:24px;padding:8px 15px}aside .collection-note{margin:8px 0 0}.filters{flex-wrap:wrap}.filters label{min-width:130px}.section-heading{gap:12px}.section-heading h2{font-size:28px}#export{flex-basis:100px;font-size:11px}.chooser main{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:16px;width:calc(100% - 40px);padding:30px 0}.audience-tile{min-height:145px;border-radius:28px;font-size:38px}dialog{padding:24px}dialog h2{font-size:32px}}

/* Temporarily unavailable audience. Native disabled control blocks activation. */
.audience-tile:disabled,.audience-tile:disabled:hover{color:#7d858b;background:#dde3e7;border-color:#d0d7dc;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #ffffff80;backdrop-filter:none;-webkit-backdrop-filter:none;cursor:not-allowed;transform:none;-webkit-text-fill-color:#7d858b;opacity:1}
@media(forced-colors:active){.audience-tile:disabled{color:GrayText;-webkit-text-fill-color:GrayText;border-color:GrayText}}

.audience-label{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px}.tile-beta{display:inline-block;background:#e6d5b6;color:#594626;border:1px solid #d2bb94;border-radius:20px;padding:2px 10px;font:600 10px/1.7 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.07em;text-transform:uppercase;vertical-align:middle}.directory-return{margin:28px 0 -35px;position:relative;z-index:1;font-size:13px}.directory-return>a{display:inline-flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;min-height:44px;text-underline-offset:4px}@media(max-width:700px){.directory-return{margin-bottom:-12px}}

/* Endorsement logos lead to the separate profiles page. */
.site-footer{max-width:980px;width:calc(100% - 88px);margin:48px auto 0;padding:18px 0 22px;border-top:1px solid #c2d0d8;text-align:left}
.footer-logos{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,minmax(0,1fr));align-items:center;gap:20px}.footer-logos>a{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-width:0;min-height:44px;border-radius:10px;padding:6px 10px}.footer-logos>a:hover{background:#ffffff8c}.footer-logos img{display:block;width:100%;max-width:110px;height:30px;object-fit:contain}
.chooser{display:block}.chooser main{min-height:100svh;align-content:center}
.endorsements-page main{max-width:1120px}.endorsements-page .intro{padding-bottom:42px}.endorsement-profiles{display:grid;gap:20px}.endorsement-profile{display:grid;grid-template-columns:220px minmax(0,1fr);gap:48px;align-items:center;padding:36px 40px;background:var(--surface);border:1px solid #d4dfe5;border-radius:24px;scroll-margin-top:120px}.endorsement-mark{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-height:130px;padding:10px}.endorsement-mark img{width:100%;height:100px;object-fit:contain}.endorsement-kind{color:var(--muted);font-size:12px;margin:0 0 7px}.endorsement-profile h2{font:36px/1.2 'Libre Caslon Display',Georgia,serif;margin:0 0 14px}.endorsement-profile p:not(.endorsement-kind){font-size:15px;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.7;margin:0}.endorsement-visit{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;min-height:44px;font-size:13px;margin-top:13px;text-underline-offset:4px}
@media(max-width:1050px){.site-footer{width:calc(100% - 56px)}.footer-logos{gap:15px}.endorsement-profile{grid-template-columns:170px minmax(0,1fr);gap:28px;padding:28px}}
@media(max-width:700px){.site-footer{width:calc(100% - 40px);margin-top:38px}.footer-logos{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:12px}.footer-logos>a{padding:6px;min-height:44px}.footer-logos img{height:28px}.endorsement-profile{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px;padding:26px}.endorsement-mark{max-width:210px;min-height:85px;justify-content:flex-start;padding:0}.endorsement-mark img{height:85px}.endorsement-profile h2{font-size:31px}}
@media(max-width:420px){.footer-logos{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:16px}.footer-logos>a:last-child{grid-column:1/-1}.footer-logos img{max-width:150px}}
@media(prefers-contrast:more){.endorsement-profile{background:white;border-color:#456277}.site-footer{border-color:#456277}}
@media(forced-colors:active){.footer-logos a,.endorsement-profile{border:1px solid CanvasText}}

.footer-logos a[href$="#turingdb"]{background:#101b2b;max-width:136px;width:100%;justify-self:center}.footer-logos a[href$="#turingdb"]:hover{background:#1b2e43}
#turingdb .endorsement-mark{background:#101b2b;border-radius:16px;padding:20px;min-height:115px}

.footer-logos a[href$="#iapp"] img{max-width:74px}.footer-logos a[href$="#waterloo"] img{max-width:120px;height:36px}.footer-logos a[href$="#eu"] img{max-width:42px;height:28px}
.profile-shortcut{margin:-12px 0 24px;font-size:13px}.profile-shortcut a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:9px;min-height:44px;text-underline-offset:4px}
.people-page main{max-width:1120px}.people-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:20px}.person-card{display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;background:var(--surface);border:1px solid #d4dfe5;border-radius:22px;padding:28px}.person-topic{font-size:12px;line-height:1.6;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 15px}.person-card h2{font:32px/1.2 'Libre Caslon Display',Georgia,serif;margin:0 0 12px}.person-role{font-size:14px;line-height:1.65;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 20px;max-width:40ch}.person-links{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:20px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:auto;padding-top:8px}.person-linkedin{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;background:var(--accent);color:#fff;min-height:44px;padding:10px 18px;border-radius:16px;text-decoration:none;font-size:13px}.person-linkedin:hover{background:#225775}.person-source{font-size:12px;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;min-height:44px;text-underline-offset:4px}
@media(max-width:700px){.people-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.person-card{padding:24px}.person-card h2{font-size:30px}.profile-shortcut{margin:0 0 20px}}
@media(prefers-contrast:more){.person-card{border-color:#456277}}
@media(forced-colors:active){.person-card,.person-linkedin{border:1px solid CanvasText}}

.profile-shortcut{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:24px;flex-wrap:wrap}
@media(max-width:420px){.profile-shortcut{gap:8px 20px}}

/* Secondary navigation stays behind a native, keyboard-accessible disclosure. */
main.utility-layout{position:relative}
.toolbar-actions{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;flex-shrink:0}
.site-menu{position:relative}
.site-menu-toggle{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;list-style:none;width:44px;min-height:44px;padding:10px;border:1px solid #cbd8df;border-radius:50%;background:#ffffff9c;color:var(--ink);cursor:pointer}
.site-menu-toggle::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}
.site-menu-toggle::marker{content:''}
.site-menu-toggle svg{display:block;flex-shrink:0}
.site-menu-toggle:hover{background:#fff}
.site-menu[open]>.site-menu-toggle{background:var(--accent);color:#fff;border-color:var(--accent)}
/* Opaque menu surface keeps article text from showing through nested glass. */
.site-menu>.profile-shortcut{background:#f8fbfd;position:absolute;top:calc(100% + 12px);right:0;z-index:20;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;gap:6px;width:232px;max-width:calc(100vw - 36px);max-height:calc(100vh - 118px);max-height:calc(100dvh - 118px);overflow-y:auto;overscroll-behavior:contain;margin:0;padding:8px;border-radius:22px;font-size:13px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #fff,0 12px 32px #1d405024}
.site-menu .profile-shortcut>a{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-start;min-height:44px;padding:10px 14px;border:1px solid #ccd9e1;border-radius:14px;background:#ffffffa6;color:var(--ink);font-weight:500;text-decoration:none;line-height:1.5}
.site-menu .profile-shortcut>a:hover{background:#fff;border-color:#a9bfcc}
.site-menu .profile-shortcut>a[aria-current=page]{background:var(--accent);border-color:var(--accent);color:#fff;font-weight:600}
.site-menu .profile-shortcut>.blog-unavailable,.site-menu .profile-shortcut>.shortcut-unavailable{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:center;gap:0;min-height:44px;padding:7px 14px;border:1px solid #cbd3d8;border-radius:14px;background:#e7ecef;color:#66737c;font-size:13px;font-weight:500;line-height:1.35;cursor:not-allowed;opacity:1}
.blog-unavailable span,.shortcut-unavailable span{font-size:11px;font-weight:400}
.solid .site-menu .profile-shortcut>a:not([aria-current=page]){background:#fff}
@media(max-width:700px){.toolbar-actions{gap:6px}.site-menu>.profile-shortcut{top:calc(100% + 14px)}.toolbar-actions #appearance{padding:8px 10px}}
@media(prefers-reduced-transparency:reduce){.site-menu .profile-shortcut>a:not([aria-current=page]){background:#fff}}
@media(prefers-contrast:more){.site-menu-toggle,.site-menu>.profile-shortcut{background:#fff;border-color:#456277;box-shadow:none}.site-menu .profile-shortcut>a{background:#fff;border-color:#456277}.site-menu .profile-shortcut>a[aria-current=page]{background:var(--ink);color:#fff}}
@media(forced-colors:active){.site-menu-toggle,.site-menu>.profile-shortcut,.site-menu .profile-shortcut>a{border:1px solid CanvasText}.site-menu[open]>.site-menu-toggle,.site-menu .profile-shortcut>a[aria-current=page]{outline:2px solid Highlight;outline-offset:-4px}.site-menu .profile-shortcut>.blog-unavailable,.site-menu .profile-shortcut>.shortcut-unavailable{color:GrayText;border-color:GrayText;background:Canvas}}

.appendix-page main{max-width:1120px}.appendix-page main.utility-layout{--utility-content-width:1120px}.appendix-list{display:grid;gap:20px}.appendix-entry{padding:32px 36px;background:var(--surface);border:1px solid #d4dfe5;border-radius:24px;scroll-margin-top:120px}.appendix-kind{margin:0 0 12px;font-size:12px;color:var(--muted)}.appendix-entry h2{font:34px/1.2 'Libre Caslon Display',Georgia,serif;margin:0;max-width:28ch}.appendix-entry>p:not(.appendix-kind){font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;color:var(--muted);max-width:70ch;margin:18px 0 0}.appendix-source{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;min-height:44px;font-size:13px;margin-top:16px;text-underline-offset:4px}
@media(max-width:700px){.appendix-entry{padding:26px}.appendix-entry h2{font-size:30px}}
@media(prefers-contrast:more){.appendix-entry{background:#fff;border-color:#456277}}
@media(forced-colors:active){.appendix-entry{border:1px solid CanvasText}}

/* A quieter editorial entry below the four audience choices. */
.chooser .home-blog{grid-column:1/-1;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;min-width:0;padding:24px 4px 0;border-top:1px solid #b9cbd5}
.home-blog .blog-copy{min-width:0}
.home-blog h2{font:34px/1.15 'Libre Caslon Display',Georgia,serif;margin:0 0 7px}
.home-blog p{font-size:14px;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6;margin:0;max-width:58ch}
.home-blog .blog-status{font-size:12px;margin-top:7px}
.home-blog .blog-link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:12px;flex-shrink:0;min-height:48px;padding:11px 22px;border-radius:24px;color:var(--ink);font-size:14px;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;border-color:#c1d2dd}
.home-blog .blog-link:hover{background:#fff;border-color:#a5bdcc}
@media(max-width:700px){.chooser .home-blog{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:18px;padding:22px 0 0}.home-blog h2{font-size:31px}.home-blog .blog-link{align-self:flex-start}}
@media(prefers-contrast:more){.chooser .home-blog,.home-blog .blog-link{border-color:#456277}}
@media(forced-colors:active){.chooser .home-blog,.home-blog .blog-link{border-color:CanvasText}}

/* Account access stays visible; display is a secondary icon control. */
#appearance.appearance-toggle{position:relative;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex:0 0 44px;width:44px;height:44px;padding:10px;border-radius:50%;line-height:1}
#appearance.appearance-toggle svg{display:block;flex-shrink:0}
#appearance.appearance-toggle:hover{border-color:#8ca8b9}
.toolbar-actions>.account-link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-width:78px;min-height:44px;padding:9px 18px;border:1px solid var(--accent);border-radius:24px;background:var(--accent);color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}
.toolbar-actions>.account-link:hover{background:#234f68;border-color:#234f68}
.toolbar .back .back-label{font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}
.toolbar .back{flex-shrink:0}
.chooser main{min-height:calc(100svh - 100px)}
@media(max-width:700px){.toolbar-actions>.account-link{min-width:70px;padding:9px 13px;font-size:13px}.home-toolbar .brand{display:flex}.home-toolbar .brand-name{display:none}.home-toolbar .brand img{width:44px;height:44px}.toolbar .back{gap:6px;padding:8px 10px}}
@media(max-width:380px){.toolbar .back .back-label{display:none}.toolbar .back{width:44px;justify-content:center;padding:8px}.toolbar-actions{gap:6px}}
@media(forced-colors:active){#appearance.appearance-toggle,.toolbar-actions>.account-link{border:1px solid ButtonText}.toolbar-actions>.account-link{background:ButtonFace;color:ButtonText}}

/* A quiet legal link below the endorsement logos. */
.footer-legal{display:flex;justify-content:center;margin:12px 0 0}
.footer-legal a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;min-height:44px;padding:8px 12px;border-radius:10px;font-size:12px;color:inherit;text-underline-offset:4px}
.footer-legal a:hover{background:#ffffff8c}